Sources: Na rubuta wannan babin ne a kan labaran Wikipedia (Late Bronze Age collapse kuma Greek Dark Ages). Bayani kan annoba ya fito daga labarin: How Disease Affected the End of the Bronze Age. Ga masu sha'awar wannan batu, zan iya ba da shawarar lacca na bidiyo: 1177 B.C.: When Civilization Collapsed | Eric Cline.

A cikin ƴan ƙarnuka da suka gabaci Annobar Athens, akwai ƙalilan da aka sani da bala'i. Babu wasu manyan tsaunuka masu aman wuta, babu manyan girgizar kasa, kuma babu wani gagarumin annoba. Babban bala'in da ya gabata a duniya ya faru ne a kusan karni na 12 BC, wato kusan karni 7 a baya. A wancan lokacin, an samu rugujewar wayewar kai kwatsam kuma mai zurfi wadda ta nuna ƙarshen zamanin Bronze da farkon zamanin ƙarfe. Lokacin bayan rushewar ana kiransa Girkanci Dark Ages (kamar 1100-750 BC), saboda ana siffanta shi da maɓuɓɓuka masu ƙarancin gaske, duka rubuce-rubuce da ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, gami da talaucin al'adun kayan duniya da ƙazantar da jama'a.

Rushewar Zamanin Bronze Age ya addabi babban yanki da ya mamaye yawancin kudu maso gabashin Turai, Yammacin Asiya, da Arewacin Afirka. Masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa rugujewar al'umma ta kasance tashin hankali, kwatsam, da kuma ruguza al'adu. An siffanta shi da gagarumin tashin hankali da yawan jama'a. Ƙananan ƙauyuka da ƙanana bayan rushewar suna nuna yunwa da raguwar yawan jama'a. A cikin shekaru 40-50, kusan kowane muhimmin birni a gabashin Bahar Rum ya lalace, yawancinsu ba za su sake zama ba. An katse hanyoyin sadarwar kasuwanci na dā kuma sun tsaya cik. Duniyar tsarin runduna, sarakuna, jami'ai, da tsarin rarrabawa sun bace. Daular Hittiyawa ta Anatoliya da Levant ta ruguje, yayin da jihohi irin su Masarautar Assuriya ta Tsakiya a Mesopotamiya da Sabuwar Masarautar Masar suka tsira amma sun yi rauni sosai. Rushewar ta haifar da sauye-sauye zuwa "zamanin duhu", wanda ya dau kusan shekaru dari uku.

Abubuwan da suka haifar da rugujewar shekarun Bronze Age sun haɗa da fashewar volcanic, fari, mamayewar mutanen Teku ko ƙaura na Dorians, rushewar tattalin arziki saboda karuwar amfani da ƙarfe na ƙarfe, canje-canje a fasahar soja gami da raguwar yaƙin karusa, kamar yadda da kuma gazawa iri-iri na tsarin siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki.

Lokacin tarihin Girkanci daga ƙarshen wayewa na Mycenaean a kusa da 1100 BC zuwa farkon zamanin Archaic a kusa da 750 BC ana kiransa Girkanci Dark Ages. Archaeology yana nuna cewa a kusan shekara ta 1100 BC al'adun gargajiyar Mycenaean Girka, yankin Aegean, da Anatoliya sun wargaje, suka rikide zuwa al'adun kananan ƙauyuka. A shekara ta 1050 BC, yawan jama'a ya ragu sosai, kuma har zuwa 90% na ƙananan ƙauyuka a cikin Peloponnese an yi watsi da su. Irin wannan shi ne girman bala'in da Girkawa na dā suka rasa ikon rubutawa, wanda dole ne su sake koyo daga Phoenicians a ƙarni na 8.

Jihohi kaɗan ne kawai masu ƙarfi suka tsira daga rushewar zamanin Bronze, musamman Assuriya, Sabuwar Masarautar Masar (duk da cewa ta yi rauni sosai), Jihohin Finisiya, da Elam. Duk da haka, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 12 BC, Elam ya ragu bayan Nebukadnezzar na I ya ci nasara a kansa, wanda ya sake farfado da makomar Babila na ɗan lokaci kafin Assuriyawa suka ci nasara. Bayan mutuwar Ashur-bel-kala a shekara ta 1056 BC, Assuriya ta shiga rugujewar shekaru sama da 100 masu zuwa, kuma daularta ta ragu sosai. A shekara ta 1020 BC, Assuriya ta bayyana tana iko da yankunan da ke kusa da ita. Lokacin daga 1070 BC zuwa 664 BC ana kiransa "Lokaci Tsakanin Tsakanin Tsakanin Zamani na Uku" na Masar, a lokacin Masarautar Masarautar ƙasashen waje ne ke mulkin Masar, kuma aka samu wargajewar siyasa da zamantakewa da hargitsi. Masar ta kasance tana fama da matsanancin fari, da ambaliyar kogin Nilu da ba ta dace ba, da kuma yunwa. Masanin tarihi Robert Drews ya kwatanta rugujewar a matsayin "mummunan bala'i a tsohon tarihi, wanda ma ya fi rugujewar Daular Roma ta Yamma". Tunanin al'adu na bala'in ya faɗi game da "ɓataccen zamanin zinariya". Misali, Hesiod yayi magana akan Zamanin Zinare, Azurfa, da Tagulla, wanda aka raba da mugun zamanin Iron na zamani ta Zamanin Jarumai.

A ƙarshen zamanin Bronze akwai wani nau'in bala'i kuma kusan komai yana lalacewa. Duk abin da ke da kyau ba zato ba tsammani, kamar wani kawai ya fizge yatsunsu. Me yasa komai ya ruguje kwatsam? Galibi ana zargin mamayar mutanen Teku da laifinsa, amma masanin tarihi kuma masanin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi Eric Cline ya ce su ba maharan ba ne. Bai kamata mu kira su haka ba, domin suna zuwa da dukiyoyinsu; suna zuwa da kulolin shanu; suna zuwa da mata da yara. Wannan ba mamayewa ba ne, amma ƙaura. Mutanen Teku sun kasance azzalumai kamar yadda aka kashe su. An ba su suna mara kyau. Eh, suna can, sun yi barna, amma a zahiri sun sami matsala da kansu. To me kuma zai iya haifar da rugujewar wayewar? An gabatar da bayanai daban-daban na rugujewar, yawancinsu sun dace da juna. Wataƙila abubuwa da yawa sun taka rawa, ciki har da sauyin yanayi kamar fari ko sanyi da aman wuta ke haifarwa, da girgizar ƙasa da yunwa. Babu wani dalili guda ɗaya, amma duk sun faru a lokaci guda. Guguwa ce cikakke.

Fari

Farfesa Kaniewski ya dauki samfurori daga busassun tafkuna da tafkunan da ke arewacin gabar tekun Siriya inda ya yi nazari kan irin pollen da aka samu a wurin. Ya lura cewa murfin ciyayi ya canza, wanda ke nuna tsawan lokacin bushewar yanayi. Binciken ya nuna cewa tsananin fari ya kasance daga kimanin 1200 BC zuwa karni na 9 BC, don haka ya kasance kusan shekaru 300.

A wannan lokacin, yankin dazuzzukan da ke kusa da tekun Bahar Rum ya ragu. Masana kimiyya sun bayyana cewa fari ne ya jawo hakan ba ta hanyar share fage ba don amfanin noma.

A yankin Tekun Matattu (Isra'ila da Jordan), matakan ruwan karkashin kasa sun ragu da fiye da mita 50. Dangane da labarin kasa na wannan yanki, idan ruwan ya ragu sosai, yawan ruwan sama da ake samu a tsaunukan da ke kewaye ya yi kasa sosai.

Masana kimiyya na zargin cewa gazawar amfanin gona, yunwa da raguwar yawan jama'a da ke haifar da rashin talauci na kogin Nilu, da kuma ƙaura na al'ummomin teku, sun haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na sabuwar Masarautar Masar a ƙarshen ƙarshen Zamanin Tagulla.

A cikin 2012, an ba da shawarar cewa rugujewar Late Bronze Age yana da alaƙa da karkatar da guguwar tsakiyar hunturu daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa yankin arewacin Pyrenees da Alps, wanda ya kawo yanayi mai laushi zuwa tsakiyar Turai amma fari zuwa yankin Gabashin Bahar Rum.

Girgizar kasa

Idan muka rufe taswirar wuraren binciken kayan tarihi da aka lalata a cikin wannan wayewar ta ruguje tare da taswirar yankunan girgizar kasa, za mu iya ganin cewa galibin wuraren sun mamaye. Shaidar da ta fi dacewa da hasashen girgizar kasa kuma ita ce mafi ban tsoro: masana ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun gano dakakkun kwarangwal da suka makale a karkashin baraguzan gine-gine. Matsayin gawarwakin ya nuna cewa wadannan mutane sun yi taho mu gama da wani nauyi mai nauyi kwatsam. Adadin tarkacen da aka samu a yankunan da ke kusa ya nuna cewa an yi ta samun faruwar irin wannan lamarin a lokacin.

Ba shi da wuya a yi tunanin yadda girgizar ƙasa za ta iya haifar da rugujewar al'ummomi na dā. Idan aka yi la’akari da ƙarancin fasaharsu, da zai yi wahala al’ummomi su sake gina manyan haikali da gidajensu. Bayan irin wannan bala'i, ƙwarewa kamar karatu da rubutu na iya ɓacewa yayin da mutane suka shagaltu da abubuwa masu mahimmanci kamar rayuwa. Tabbas an ɗauki shekaru da yawa kafin murmurewa daga irin wannan bala'i.

Volcano ko asteroid

Labaran Masar sun gaya mana cewa wani abu a cikin iska ya hana hasken rana da yawa isa duniya. An kama ci gaban bishiyar duniya kusan shekaru ashirin, kamar yadda za mu iya fahimta daga jerin zoben bishiyar kunkuntar a cikin itacen oak na Irish. Wannan lokacin sanyaya, wanda ya dade daga 1159 BC zuwa 1141 BC, ya fito fili a cikin rikodin dendrochronological na shekaru 7,272.^(ref.) Hakanan ana iya gano wannan anomaly a cikin jerin pine pine na bristlecone da kuma kankara na Greenland. Ana danganta hakan ne da fashewar dutsen mai aman wuta da Hekla a kasar Iceland.

Lokacin rage yawan zafin jiki ya kasance har tsawon shekaru 18. Don haka sau biyu ya kasance tsawon lokacin sanyaya a lokacin annoba ta Justinian. Don haka sake saitin a cikin Late Bronze Age na iya zama mafi tsanani fiye da kowane sake saiti a cikin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata! A cewar masana kimiyya, dalilin girgizar yanayi shi ne fashewar dutsen mai aman wuta na Hekla. Duk da haka, yana da kyau a lura cewa yayin da dutsen mai aman wuta na Hekla ya fashe a wancan lokacin, an kiyasta girman fashewar VEI-5 kawai. Ya fitar da 7 km³ na dutsen dutsen mai aman wuta zuwa cikin yanayi. Fashewar aman wuta da ke iya yin tasiri sosai ga yanayin ya bar wani babban caldera mai diamita na kilomita da yawa ko fiye. Dutsen dutsen na Hekla ya fi ƙanƙanta kuma baya kama da babban dutsen mai aman wuta. A ra'ayi na, wannan dutsen mai aman wuta ba zai iya haifar da girgizar yanayi ba. Don haka mun zo wani yanayi mai kama da na Justinian Plague: muna da mummunar girgizar yanayi, amma ba mu da dutsen mai aman wuta da zai iya haifar da shi. Wannan ya sa na yanke shawarar cewa dalilin rashin lafiyar shine tasirin babban asteroid.

Annoba

Eric Watson-Williams ya rubuta wata kasida game da ƙarshen zamanin Bronze mai taken "Ƙarshen wani Epoch" wanda a cikinsa ya yi amfani da annoba ta bubonic a matsayin kawai dalilin da ya haifar da bala'i. "Abin da ke da ban mamaki shi ne dalilin da ya sa wadannan masarautu masu karfi da wadata za su wargaje", in ji shi. A matsayin dalilan da ya zabi na bubonic annoba ya kawo: watsi da garuruwa; daura damarar kona gawawwaki a maimakon binne gawawwakin da aka saba yi saboda mutane da yawa suna mutuwa kuma ya zama dole a gaggauta lalata gawarwakin da ke rubewa; da kuma cewa cutar bubonic cuta ce mai saurin kisa, tana kashe dabbobi da tsuntsaye da kuma mutane, tana shafar manyan wurare, tana yaduwa cikin sauri, kuma tana dawwama tsawon shekaru. Marubucin bai bayar da wata shaida ta zahiri ba, amma ya kwatanta abubuwa da yadda suke a lokacin annoba ta bubonic daga baya.

Lars Walloe na Jami'ar Oslo yana da irin wannan ra'ayi sa'ad da ya rubuta labarinsa, "Shin rugujewar duniyar Mycenaean ta haifar da annoba ta bubonic da aka maimaita?" Ya lura da "manyan ƙungiyoyin jama'a"; "Yawancin ya ragu a matakai na gaba yayin annoba biyu ko uku na farko na annoba zuwa kusan rabin ko kashi ɗaya bisa uku na matakin farko na annoba"; da kuma cewa an sami "raguwar noma sosai". Wannan zai iya haifar da yunwa da watsi da ƙauyuka. Don haka ya kammala cewa cutar bubonic ce ke da alhakin duk waɗannan abubuwan da aka lura, maimakon sauran cututtuka masu yaduwa irin su anthrax.

Annobar Masar

Ana iya samun bayani mai ban sha'awa game da abubuwan da suka faru na wannan lokacin a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun labaran Littafi Mai-Tsarki shine na annoba na Masar. A cikin Littafin Fitowa, Annobar Masar bala’o’i 10 ne da Allah na Isra’ila ya yi wa Masar domin ya tilasta wa Fir’auna ya ‘yantar da Isra’ilawa daga bauta. Waɗannan bala’o’i za su faru fiye da shekara dubu kafin Kristi. Littafi Mai Tsarki ya kwatanta masifu guda 10 da suka biyo baya:

1. Juyawar ruwan Nilu ya zama jini – Kogin ya ba da wari, kifayen kuma suka mutu.
2. Annobar kwadi - Amphibians sun fito daga kogin Nilu da yawa kuma suka shiga gidaje;
3. Annobar sauro - Manyan gungun kwari sun addabi mutane;
4. Annobar kwari;
5. Annobar Dabbobi - Ya yi sanadin mutuwar dawakai, jakuna, raƙuma, shanu, tumaki da awaki;
6. Annoba ta maƙarƙashiya ta barke tsakanin mutane da dabbobi;
7. Haguwar ƙanƙara da walƙiya - ƙanƙara mai girma tana kashe mutane da dabbobi; "Walƙiya ta haskaka gaba da gaba"; ”Haguwa ce mafi muni a dukan ƙasar Masar tun da ta zama al’umma”;
8. Annobar fara - Annoba mai girma da ba ta taɓa ganin kakanni ko kakanni ba tun daga ranar da suka zauna a Masar;
9. Duhu har kwana uku - "Ba wanda zai iya ganin kowa ko ya bar wurinsa har kwana uku"; Ya yi barazanar cutarwa fiye da yadda aka yi a zahiri;
10. Mutuwar dukan 'ya'yan fari da na shanu na fari.

Masifun da aka kwatanta a cikin Littafin Fitowa sun yi kama da waɗanda ke faruwa a lokacin sake saiti. Babu shakka, bala'i ne na duniya wanda ya zaburar da labari game da Annoba na Masar. Littafi Mai Tsarki ya ce ruwan Nilu ya zama jini. Irin wannan al'amari ya faru a zamanin Justinian Plague. Ɗaya daga cikin mawallafin tarihin ya rubuta cewa wata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta zama jini. Ina tsammanin watakila hakan ya faru ne sakamakon fitar da sinadarai daga zurfin kasa zuwa cikin ruwa. Misali, ruwa mai arzikin ƙarfe ya zama ja kuma ya zama kamar jini.^(ref.) A cikin Annoba na Masar, Littafi Mai Tsarki ya kuma ambata annoba a tsakanin dabbobi da mutane, da tsawa mai tsanani da ƙanƙara mai girma, da annoba ta fari. Duk waɗannan abubuwan mamaki kuma sun faru yayin wasu sake saiti. Sauran annoba kuma za a iya bayyana su cikin sauƙi. Wataƙila gubar da kogin ya yi ya sa 'yan amfibiya ƙaurace wa ruwan gaba ɗaya, wanda ya haifar da annobar kwadi. Dalilin annoba na kwari zai iya zama halakar kwadi (maƙiyansu na halitta), wanda mai yiwuwa ba su daɗe da rayuwa a wajen ruwa ba.

Yana da ɗan wahala a bayyana dalilin da ya haifar da kwanaki uku na duhu, amma kuma an san wannan lamarin daga wasu sake saiti. Mika’ilu ɗan Siriya ya rubuta cewa wani abu makamancin haka ya faru a lokacin annoba ta Justinian, ko da yake ainihin shekarar wannan al’amari ba shi da tabbas: ”Wani duhu ya faru ta yadda mutane ba za su iya samun hanyarsu ba sa’ad da suka bar coci. An kunna wuta, duhun ya ci gaba har tsawon awanni uku. Wannan al’amari ya sake faruwa a watan Afrilu na tsawon kwanaki uku, amma duhun bai yi yawa ba kamar wanda ya faru a watan Fabrairu.”^(ref.) Har ila yau, wani mai ba da labari na lokacin annoba na Cyprian ya ambaci duhu don kwanaki da yawa, kuma a lokacin Black Death an lura da gajimare masu duhu waɗanda ba su kawo ruwan sama ba. Ina tsammanin cewa wannan duhun mai yiwuwa ya kasance ne ta hanyar wasu kura ko iskar gas da aka saki daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, waɗanda suka gauraye da gajimare kuma suka rufe hasken rana. An yi irin wannan al'amari a Siberiya a ƴan shekaru da suka wuce lokacin da hayaƙin gobarar dajin ya toshe rana. Shaidu sun ba da rahoton cewa duhu ya yi kamar dare na tsawon sa'o'i da yawa da rana.^(ref.)

Ƙarshe na annoba ta Masar - mutuwar ɗan fari - na iya zama abin tunawa da annoba ta biyu, wanda ke kashe yawancin yara. Wannan kuma ya kasance tare da sauran manyan annoba na annoba. Hakika, annoba ba ta taɓa shafan ’ya’yan fari kaɗai ba. Ina tsammanin an ƙara irin waɗannan bayanai a cikin wannan labarin don ya zama abin ban mamaki (a wancan lokacin an fi daraja ’ya’yan fari). An rubuta littafin Fitowa ƙarnuka da yawa bayan abubuwan da ya kwatanta. A halin da ake ciki, tuni abubuwan da suka faru na abubuwan da suka faru suka koma tatsuniyoyi.

Ɗaya daga cikin Annobar Masar ita ce annoba ta maƙarƙashiya. Irin waɗannan alamomin suna cutar da cutar, ko da yake ba su nuna a fili cewa wannan ita ce cutar ba. Akwai ƙarin magana guda ɗaya game da wannan annoba a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Bayan da Isra’ilawa suka bar ƙasar Masar, sai suka kafa sansani a cikin jeji kuma an sami annoba a sansaninsu.

Ubangiji ya ce wa Musa,”Ka umarci Isra'ilawa su sallami duk wanda yake da wata cuta mai ƙazantacciyar fata, ko mai ɗigo, ko marar tsarki saboda gawa daga sansanin. a fitar da su bayan zangon, don kada su ƙazantar da sansaninsu inda nake zaune a cikinsu.” Isra'ilawa sun yi haka; Suka kore su daga sansanin. Suka yi kamar yadda Ubangiji ya umarci Musa.

Littafi Mai Tsarki (NIV), Numbers, 5:1–4

An tilasta wa marasa lafiya barin sansanin, watakila saboda yawan kamuwa da cutar. Kuma wannan kawai yana goyan bayan rubutun cewa zai iya zama cutar annoba.

Littafi Mai Tsarki ba kawai ya lissafa bala’o’i ba, amma ya kuma ba da ainihin shekarar da waɗannan abubuwan suka faru. Bisa ga Littafi Mai Tsarki, Annoba a Masar da kuma ƙaura da Isra’ilawa suka yi ya faru ne shekaru 430 bayan Isra’ilawa suka isa Masar. Ana auna shekarun da suka wuce kafin hijira ta hanyar ƙara shekarun kakanni a lokacin haihuwar ’ya’yansu na fari. Ta wajen tara dukan waɗannan lokatai, malaman Littafi Mai Tsarki sun ƙididdige cewa Annobar Masar ta faru daidai shekaru 2666 bayan halittar duniya.^{(ref., ref.)} Kalandar da ke ƙidayar lokaci tun halittar duniya ita ce kalandar Ibrananci. Kusan 160 AD Rabbi Jose ben Halafta ya ƙididdige shekarar halitta bisa bayanai daga Littafi Mai Tsarki. Bisa lissafinsa, an halicci mutum na farko - Adamu a shekara ta 3760 BC.^(ref.) Kuma saboda shekara ta 3760 BC ita ce shekara ta 1 tun lokacin halitta, shekara ta 2666 ita ce 1095 BC. Kuma wannan ita ce shekarar da Littafi Mai Tsarki ya ba da a matsayin shekarar Annoba na Masar.

Dating na taron

Akwai ranaku daban-daban don farkon rugujewar shekarun Bronze na Late. Archaeology yana nuna cewa Girkanci Dark Zamani ya fara ba zato ba tsammani a kusa da 1100 BC. Littafi Mai Tsarki ya sanya annoba ta Masar a shekara ta 1095 BC. Kuma a cewar masanin dendrochronologist Mike Baillie, binciken haɓakar zobe na itace ya nuna babban girgizar muhalli a duniya wanda ya fara a 1159 BC. Wasu masanan Masar sun yarda da wannan kwanan wata na rugujewar, suna zargin ta da yunwa a karkashin Ramesses III.^(ref.) Sauran malaman sun fice daga cikin wannan sabani, sun gwammace tsaka tsaki da ma'anar jumla "shekaru 3000 kafin yanzu".

Saboda ƙarancin tushen tarihi, tarihin zamanin Bronze Age (watau, daga kusan 3300 BC gaba) ba shi da tabbas sosai. Yana yiwuwa a kafa tarihin tarihin dangi na wannan zamanin (watau shekaru nawa suka wuce tsakanin wasu abubuwan da suka faru), amma matsalar ita ce kafa cikakken tarihin lokaci (watau ainihin kwanakin). Tare da haɓaka daular Neo-Assyrian a kusa da 900 BC, rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce sun yi yawa, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a kafa cikakkun kwanakin kwanan wata. Akwai madadin tarihin zamanin Bronze da yawa: dogo, tsakiya, gajere, da matsananci-gajere. Alal misali, faɗuwar Babila ta kasance a shekara ta 1595 BC, bisa ga tsakiyar tarihin tarihi. Bisa ga taƙaitaccen tarihin tarihi, shine 1531 BC, saboda gaba ɗaya ɗan gajeren tarihin an canza shi da shekaru +64. Ta hanyar dogon tarihin tarihi, wannan taron yana kwanan wata zuwa 1651 BC (sauyi na -56 shekaru). Masana tarihi galibi suna amfani da matsakaicin tarihin lokaci.

Kwanan lokaci na rugujewar wayewa ya bambanta, amma shekarar da masana dendrochronologists suka gabatar da alama ita ce mafi aminci. Binciken zoben bishiya ya nuna cewa girgizar yanayi mai ƙarfi ta faru a shekara ta 1159 BC. Ya kamata a tuna, duk da haka, cewa har yanzu bai yiwu ba a haɗa kalandar dendrochronological mai ci gaba don tsohuwar Gabas ta Tsakiya.^(ref.) Sai kawai kididdige kididdigar kididdigar kan bishiyu daga yankin Anatoliya an ƙirƙira don Zamanin Tagulla da Ƙarfe. Har sai an ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba, amfanin dendrochronology wajen inganta tarihin tsohuwar Gabas ta Tsakiya yana da iyaka. Don haka Dendrochronology dole ne ya dogara da tarihin tarihin da masana tarihi suka kirkira, kuma akwai da yawa daga cikin waɗannan, kowanne yana ba da kwanan wata daban.

Bari mu kalli inda shekara ta 1159 BC, wadda masana dendrochronologist suka gabatar a matsayin shekarar bala'i, ta fito. Mike Baillie, sanannen hukuma kan zoben itace da kuma amfani da su wajen saduwa da tsoffin kayan tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru, ya taimaka wajen kammala rikodin tsarin girma na shekara-shekara na duniya wanda ya kai shekaru 7,272 a baya. Rikodin zoben itace ya bayyana manyan raunin muhalli a duniya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa:
daga 536 zuwa 545 AD,
daga 208 zuwa 204 BC,
daga 1159 zuwa 1141 BC.^(ref.)
daga 1628 zuwa 1623 BC,
daga 2354 zuwa 2345 BC,
daga 3197 zuwa 3190 BC,^(ref.)
daga 4370 BC na kimanin shekaru 20.^(ref.)

Bari mu yi ƙoƙari mu yi hasashen menene musabbabin waɗannan girgizar ƙasa.
536 AD - Tasirin asteroid a lokacin annoba ta Justinian; kwanan wata ba daidai ba; ya kamata ya zama 674 AD.
208 BC - Mafi guntu daga cikin waɗannan, kawai shekaru 4 na abubuwan rashin ƙarfi. Dalili mai yiwuwa shine fashewar volcanic na tsibirin Raoul tare da girman VEI-6 (28.8  km³), wanda hanyar radiocarbon ta kwanan wata zuwa 250±75 BC.

Bari yanzu mu kalli abubuwa uku daga zamanin Bronze:
1159 BC – Late Bronze Age rushe; a cewar masana kimiyya, wanda ke da alaƙa da fashewar dutsen Hekla.
1628 BC - Fashewar Minoan; wani babban bala'i mai aman wuta wanda ya lalata tsibirin Thera na Girka (wanda aka fi sani da Santorini) kuma ya kori kilomita 100 na tephra.
2354 BC - Iyakar fashewar da ta yi daidai a nan a cikin lokaci da girma shine fashewar dutsen mai aman wuta na Argentina Cerro Blanco, wanda hanyar radiocarbon ta kwanan wata zuwa 2300±160 BC; An fitar da fiye da kilomita 170 na tephra.

Kalandar dendrochronological ta dogara ne akan tarihin tsakiyar tsakiya, wanda aka fi amfani dashi, amma shine mafi daidai? Domin sanin hakan, za mu yi amfani da sakamakon da aka samu daga babi na farko, inda na nuna cewa manyan aman wuta na faruwa ne akai-akai a cikin shekaru 2 na bala'in bala'i, wanda ke sake faruwa a kowace shekara 52. Lura cewa akwai shekaru 469 tsakanin fashewar Hekla da fashewar Thera, ko kuma lokuta 9 na shekaru 52 da shekara 1. Kuma tsakanin fashewar Hekla da fashewar Cerro Blanco akwai shekaru 1195, ko lokutan 23 na shekaru 52 ban da shekara 1. Don haka a bayyane yake cewa waɗannan tsaunuka sun fashe daidai da zagayowar shekaru 52! Na tattara jerin shekarun da lokutan bala'i suka faru a cikin shekaru dubu da yawa da suka gabata. Zai taimake mu mu san ainihin shekarun waɗannan manyan fashe-fashe masu aman wuta guda uku. Lambobi mara kyau suna nufin shekaru kafin Zamanin gama gari.

Dogon tarihin yana da shekaru 56 kafin kididdigar tsakiya. Kuma gajeriyar tarihin ta kasance bayan shekaru 64 fiye da na tsakiya. Idan muka matsar da fashewar dutsen mai aman wuta guda uku a gaba shekaru 64 don mu mai da shi daidai da ɗan gajeren tarihin lokaci fa? Ina ganin ba zai yi zafi ganin abin da ke fitowa daga ciki ba...

Hekla: -1159 + 64 = -1095
Idan muka canza shekarar girgizar yanayi da shekaru 64, ta fadi daidai a shekara ta 1095 BC, kuma wannan ita ce shekarar da ya kamata lokacin cyclical na bala'i ya faru!

Thera: -1628 + 64 = -1564
Shekarar fashewar Minoan ta canza ta shekaru 64 kuma ta zo daidai da lokacin shekaru 2 na bala'i, wanda ya kasance a cikin 1563±1 BC! Wannan ya nuna cewa ra'ayin yin amfani da gajeren tarihin lokaci yayi daidai! Shekarar fashewar dutsen mai aman wuta na Santorini ya kasance babban asiri ga masana tarihi tsawon shekaru. Yanzu an warware asirin! Madaidaicin tarihin zamanin Bronze Age shine ɗan gajeren lokaci! Bari mu duba idan fashewa na gaba ya tabbatar da daidaiton wannan kasida.

Cerro Blanco: -2354 + 64 = -2290
Mun kuma canza fashewar Cerro Blanco da shekaru 64, kuma shekara ta 2290 BC ta fito, wanda kuma shine ainihin shekarar da ake tsammanin bala'i!

Bayan yin amfani da daidaitaccen tarihin tarihi, sai ya zamana cewa dukan manyan tsaunuka uku sun tashi a lokacin bala'i, wanda ke faruwa a kowace shekara 52! Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa wannan zagayowar ta wanzu kuma tana aiki da kyau fiye da shekaru 4,000 da suka wuce! Kuma mafi mahimmanci, muna da tabbacin cewa madaidaicin kididdigar lokaci shine gajeriyar lissafin lokaci. Don haka ya kamata a motsa duk kwanakin shekarun Bronze Age shekaru 64 zuwa gaba. Kuma wannan ya kai mu ga ƙarshe cewa ƙarshen zamanin Bronze Age ya fara daidai a 1095 BC. Wannan shekara ta rugujewar ta yi kusa da farkon Girkanci Dark Ages, wanda aka yi kwanan watan kusan 1100 BC. Kuma abin ban sha’awa, Littafi Mai Tsarki ya kwatanta Annoba na Masar zuwa daidai shekara ta 1095 BC! A wannan yanayin, Littafi Mai-Tsarki ya tabbatar da cewa tushen tushe ne da ya fi tarihi!

Mun riga mun san cewa ƙarshen zamanin Bronze Age ya faru a cikin 1095 BC. Idan muka ɗauka cewa Yaƙin Peloponnesia ya fara a cikin 419 BC, kuma annoba ta Athens ta fara kusan lokaci guda, za mu ga cewa shekaru 676 daidai sun wuce tsakanin waɗannan sake saiti biyu!

Bari mu magance wasu girgizar yanayi guda biyu waɗanda suka bar alamarsu a kalandar dendrochronological:
3197 BC - Wannan shekara kuma dole ne a motsa shi shekaru 64 zuwa gaba:
3197 BC + 64 = 3133
BC wannan shekara. A wani bangare na binciken, zan yi ƙoƙari in gano abin da ya faru a nan.

4370 BC - Wannan shi ne mai yiwuwa fashewar dutsen mai aman wuta Kikai Caldera (Japan), wanda aka yi kwanan watan da ƙanƙara zuwa 4350 BC. Ya fitar da kusan kilomita 150 na kayan aman wuta.^(ref.) Madadin tarihin tarihi (misali, tsakiya, gajere, da tsayi) suna da alaƙa da Zamanin Bronze, kuma 4370 BC shine Zamanin Dutse. Wannan lokaci ne kafin ƙirƙirar rubutu, kuma kwanan wata a wannan lokacin yana dogara ne akan hujjojin da ba a rubuce ba. Ina tsammanin cewa motsa shekarar fashewa da shekaru 64 ba lallai ba ne a nan, kuma 4370 BC ita ce shekarar da ta dace na wannan fashewar volcanic. Lokacin mafi kusa na bala'i a cikin zagayowar shekaru 52 shine 4369±1 BC, don haka ya zama cewa fashewar dutsen mai aman wuta na Kikai Caldera yana da alaƙa da zagayowar shekaru 52. Kalandar dendrochronological an haɗa shi da samfuran itace daban-daban, kuma masu ilimin dendrochronologists sun sami wahalar gano samfuran tun daga kusan 4000 BC (da kuma daga ƙarni: 1st BC, 2nd BC, da 10th BC).^(ref.) Saboda haka, ina tsammanin cewa kalandar dendrochronological na iya zama ba daidai ba a taru a kusa da 4000 BC; kuskuren ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun lokaci yana faruwa ne kawai a wani ɓangare na kalanda, wani ɓangaren kuma yana nuna daidai shekarun.

Taƙaice

Tatsuniyar halitta da aka zana a kan Dutsen Aztec Sun, ya ba da labarin zamanin da, kowannensu ya ƙare a cikin babban bala'i, wanda yawanci yakan faru a ko'ina cikin shekaru 676. Ina sha'awar sirrin wannan lambar, na yanke shawarar bincika ko manyan bala'o'in duniya suna faruwa da gaske a cyclically, a tsaka-tsaki na yau da kullun. Na sami manyan bala'o'i guda biyar da suka sami 'yan Adam a cikin shekaru dubu uku da suka gabata, kuma na ƙayyade ainihin shekarun su.

Mutuwar Baƙar fata - 1347-1349 AD (ta shekarun da girgizar ƙasa ta faru)
Annobar Justinian - 672-674 AD (da shekarun da girgizar asa ta faru)
Annobar Cyprian - ca 254 AD (bisa dangantakar Orosius)
annoba na Athens - ca 419 BC (dangane da soyayyar Orosius da kuma ɗauka cewa a wajen Athens cutar ta fara shekara ɗaya da ta gabata)
Rushewar zamanin Bronze na ƙarshen - 1095 BC.

Ya bayyana cewa daidai gwargwado na shekaru goma sha uku na shekaru 52, wanda ya kai kusan shekaru 676, ya wuce tsakanin manyan annoba biyu na annoba, wato daga Mutuwar Baƙar fata zuwa annoba ta Justinian! Wani babban kawarwa - Annobar Cyprian - ya fara kimanin shekaru 418 (kimanin hawan keke 8) a baya. Wata irin wannan annoba - Annobar Athens - ta sake barkewa kimanin shekaru 672 da suka gabata. Kuma babban sake fasalin wayewa na gaba wanda ya ƙare zamanin Bronze ya sake faruwa daidai shekaru 676 a baya! Don haka, a bayyane yake cewa uku cikin lokuta huɗun da aka ambata sun yi daidai da adadin da aka bayar a cikin almara na Aztec!

Wannan ƙarshe ya haifar da tambayar: Shin yanayin ne kawai Aztecs suka rubuta tarihin bala'i da ya faru sau ɗaya a cikin tatsuniya, amma ba lallai ba ne ya maimaita kansa ba? Ko watakila akwai sake zagayowar bala'o'i da ke lalata duniya a kowace shekara 676, kuma ya kamata mu yi tsammanin wani halaka tun daga 2023-2025? A babi na gaba, zan gabatar da ra'ayi na, wanda zai bayyana duk waɗannan.